INTRODUCTION:

Nowadays, the problem of terrorism has become a serious problem of national security for many countries of the world. As many as 48 countries of the world have suffered from this problem to a lesser or greater extent. Countries under the influence of terrorism mainly include countries like America, Russia, Britain, France, India, South Korea, Israel, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland.

Terrorism has also started in India for the last 28 years. In these 28 years, the level of terrorism fluctuated. As Sikh militancy started in Punjab in 1979 and the government managed to destroy it. By 1984, Sikh militancy had declined. Terrorism started in Kashmir from 1987 which by 2004 was very weak. Terrorism started in Mumbai in 1993 by international mafia which continues till now. The spread of violence by Naxalites has increased over the past three years.

Till date in India 60 thousand from terrorism in Kashmir, 30,000 from terrorism in Punjab, 30,000 from Naxalism and 3,000 from mafia terrorism, a total of 99 thousand people have been killed According to writer Nagendra Vijay, cost enough to build a new nation with a human virgin India's problem of terrorism after independence has been done to solve, and the business and economy of the terror-affected areas have suffered greatly, thus stunting the growth of the national economy. According to Chanakya, a diplomat and brilliant statesman of medieval India, "If the state is rich, then the king is powerful", which means that the country's economy is strong, the government of the country is powerful, thus terrorism is an important factor behind India's political weakness, says K Narayan, India's political security consultant. According to Manmohan Singh, the current Prime Minister of India, "Twin threats of terrorism and communalism are facing us. Several external and internal forces are working to stop the growth and prosperity of the country".

(Given a statement at a press conference held at the Prime Minister's residence in Delhi on February 4)

What is terrorism ??

Literal meaning of Terrorism :-

- Terrorism means torturing, harassing others, non-violence means terrorism.

- Terrorist violence is organized armed violence carried out by trained youth to achieve a political, religious, or communal objective, in which violence is committed by terrorists against a targeted group.

- Another word of terrorism is terrorism, in English it is called terrorism.

- Terrorism is a covert war against an enemy nation or hostile human community According to some political experts, terrorism is not only a covert war but also violence perpetrated by publicly identified attackers. (Government Magazine Issue No. 88 Page No. One)

Common reasons behind the emergence of terrorism:-

Different reasons are responsible for the emergence of terrorism in different countries of the world. Some countries spread terrorism to harm enemy countries. Sometimes terrorism spreads due to religious conflict. In some countries, religious, sexual or different cultural groups of local people who have got their own territory spread terrorism. Behind the emergence of terrorism. The support of religious or sexual community of any country is responsible. Terrorism is spread when a group of the local population of a country feels a strong sense of injustice and persecution and secretly clashes with the group or state responsible for it. Sometimes terrorism is also spread by attackers from outside the nation.

Some political experts also blame the changed political situation in the world after 1945 for the spread of terrorism. After the end of World War II, many political leaders of the world were one vote for world peace. In order to end imperialism, a view was created that the international community should consider political boycott of any country that commits a military attack on another country, hence after 1945 the aggressor country became the victim of international anger, hence the scale of public wars decreased and the spread of covert war terrorism.

Terrorism-Naxalism in India :-

Terrorism or Naxalism spreading in India gets covert political support from Pakistan and China. Mainly Pakistan and then China provide money, arms and training for terrorist attacks in India.

There are mainly four types of terrorism in India.

1. Terrorism in Kashmir

2. Sikh Terrorism in Punjab

3. Naxalism

4. Terrorism by international amnesties.

Out of which Indian government has been successful in destroying terrorism in Punjab and Kashmir now while Naxalism and international mafia terrorism has increased a lot in India there are 32 organizations whose activities have been banned by Indian government mainly Lashkar-e-Taliban, Hizbul, Mujahedeen, United Liberation. There are organizations like Front of Assam, SIMI, Taliban and Al Qaeda.

REASONS BEHIND EMERGENCE OF TERRORISM IN INDIA :-

1. Political Tension Delhi and Communalism with Neighbouring Nations

The seeds of terrorism in India were sown during the British rule. As a result of the divide and rule policy of the British, Hindu Muslim communalism started at the time of independence and grew exponentially thereafter. India and Pakistan have fought four wars since the first war for the possession of Kashmir during the partition of India and Pakistan. Pakistan started trying hard politically to harm India. It wanted to harm India by fomenting separatist activity and communalism and local discontent in India. In 1947, under the auspices of Operation Grand Slam and Operation Gibraltar, thousands of Pakistani terrorists infiltrated Kashmir and tried to separate Kashmir from India. It failed to do so. The two countries fought a second war in 1965 followed by a third war in 1971 in which Pakistan lost badly and split into two, with the "No War Pact" in 1972 in the presence of international diplomats at Simla. Then Pakistan could not wage open war as it would suffer the wrath of UNO if it went to open war against India, so it encouraged terrorism in India. There was also a border war with China in 1962, so both of them encouraged India's terrorist activities as both countries were enmity.

2. Constraints to prevent democratic terrorism in India

Democratic governments and political parties in India cannot take repressive decisions quickly to save their vote banks, thus giving terrorists an opportunity to flourish, like the demand for a separate Sikh state in Punjab was met to save votes, Punjab became the state of Himachal Pradesh. After Haryana happened, more demands were made to satisfy one after another which proved to be a threat to the integrity of the nation, hence the government took military action and the terrorist conflict in Punjab, just as there was a political crackdown on madrassas in Gujarat, which were said to be the hotbeds of terrorist organizations, the minority community did not get angry. Actions against madrassas were dropped to get their votes and thus the problem is becoming serious as democratic governments are very weak in dealing with terrorism.

3. Groups promoting terrorism in India. (Religious Mass-Backward Mass)

4. Serious threats to civilization. (Sikh Terrorism in Punjab)

5. Feelings of injustice.

Different causes of terrorism-Naxalism in India :-

We have seen that there are four types of terrorism-Naxalwals are active in India. The reasons for each of them are different which are given below.

1. Terrorism in Kashmir :-

The British divided India and Pakistan on the basis of religion, under the idea that the region with a higher Hindu population would join India and the region with a higher Muslim population would join Pakistan. A section of the people became bitterly opposed to it, these opponents received help from Pakistan after 1947, and as a result of this feeling of opposition, terrorism was born. Among them, after 1987, the problem of terrorism in Kashmir became very severe. Indian government made all efforts to combat this problem, which succeeded till 2004. At present, terrorism in Kashmir has become very weak.

2. Terrorism in Punjab :-

After 1947, due to political reasons, the division of Punjab into several parts, the pride and continuity of a culture was damaged and the political and religious organizations of the Sikhs protested strongly and these organizations made many demands to the Indian government to protect the Sikh culture, some of which were met by the central government, such as The demand for a separate state was met by partitioning Haryana and Punjab, while some demands were not met as they threatened the integrity of the nation, and in the absence of a large-scale military operation called Operation Blue Star by the government to counter the spread of terrorism in Punjab by a Sikh force called the Liberation Force. Terrorists were crushed in Punjab and the government succeeded in suppressing them but till now Pakistan is trying unsuccessfully to revive them.

3. Mafia Terrorism :-

There were some mafia groups active in India which split on the basis of religion in the destruction of Babri Masjid in Delhi in 1993. Muslim mafia got the support of Pakistan and started terrorist attacks in Indian cities especially in Mumbai. No great success was achieved.

4. Naxalism :-

The origin of the birth of Naxalism in India can be found in the political world divided into three parts under the influence of the communist ideas of sociologist Karl Marx.

1. Capitalist countries

2. Communist countries

3. Neutral countries

Capitalist countries were led by America while communists were led by Russia. Both these countries were active in India to establish a political system with their own ideology. The people of West Bengal and Kerala in India were under the influence of communist ideas. After the partition of Russia in 1994, the leadership of communism passed into the hands of China. He started an armed struggle by inciting the poor labor oppressed and downtrodden class against the rich zamindars. The first violent incident in a Naxalist village in Bengal came to be known as Naxalism, with Charu Majumdar as its main leader. Naxalism was initially aimed at liberating the poor peasants, tribals and oppressed classes from exploitation but over time Naxalism became a weapon of China and Pakistan to tease India. At present it has become the most serious problem facing the nation as India's Defense Minister George Fernandes told Parliament in December 2000.

China is India's Most Dangerous Enemy In December 2007, a Home Account report presented to the Parliament of India by Home Minister Shivraj Patil stated that Naxalism is the biggest anti-national situation and problem of the present time.

Socio-Political Effects of Terrorism-Naxalism :-

1. After independence, adequate amount of money and government resources could not be used for the development of India because a large part of the financial income of the country was used as defence expenditure to solve the problem of terrorism thereby weakening the government work done for the development of the nation.

2. Unemployment among the local population increased due to the collapse of trade and industry in the terror-affected areas.

3. As a result of torture by terrorists in the terror-prone areas, the government system became very weak, the dissatisfaction with the government increased, the sense of nationalism among a section of the people was weakened, while the anti-national mentality was created in a section of the people, the terrorists got the necessary socio-political environment to spread their influence.

4. Terrorism strengthened the association of religion and politics. Sometimes the political parties and the government cooperated to preserve their vote bank and power at the expense of national interests and integrity.

REFERENCE:

1. Safari (Magazine) :- Issue No. 66 Page No. 46 to 54 Author - Nagendra Vijay Column - "India's efforts in the international arena to combat terrorism".

2. Safari (Magazine) :- Issue No. 88 Page No. 1 Author - Harshal Pushpakarna "Editor's Letter"

3. Safari (Magazine) :- Issue No. 120 Page No. 10 to 21 Author - Nagendra Vijay. Column - "Operation Blue Star"

4. War 71 :- Full article. Author - Nagendra Vijay

5. Chitralekha :- January 2005 Page No. 28 to 31 Pursuant to "Kashmir an Unsolved Problem" Author - Mahesh Yagnik

6. Abhiyan Issue :- June 2007 Column "Naxalism Shaking India" Page No. 32 to 39 Author - Anil Brahmabhat

7. Gujarat Samachar News Paper :- 22 March -2010, Page No. 8 Column "Terrorists' Panic in India* Author - Kanti Bhatt

8. Sandesh News Paper :- 3 June 2010, page no.4 Article - "Smile of Pakistan"

Received on 11.07.2023 Modified on 28.08.2023

Int. J. Rev. and Res. Social Sci. 2023; 11(4):229-232.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2687.2023.00039